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Churning & excessive-trading claims

When the account was traded for commissions, not for you.

Churning is excessive trading in an account controlled by a broker for the purpose of generating commissions, without regard to the customer's interest. It is measured — not guessed — using the account's own turnover rate and cost-to-equity ratio. When the numbers show the account was run for the firm, the losses and costs may be recoverable.

The Conduct

What separates active trading from churning.

Not all frequent trading is churning. The claim requires control of the account by the broker, excessive trading measured against the customer's objectives, and intent or reckless disregard of the customer's interest. The conduct below is what the metrics tend to expose.

i.

Excessive turnover

An annualized turnover rate far beyond what the customer's stated strategy could justify — portfolios replaced several times a year in accounts that were supposed to be held for growth or income.

ii.

Cost-to-equity that can't be overcome

A cost-to-equity ratio so high that the account had to generate outsized returns just to break even on commissions, markups, and fees — a structural sign the trading served the firm.

iii.

Broker control & unauthorized trading

De facto or actual control of the account by the representative, including unauthorized trades and discretionary trading without written authority.

iv.

In-and-out & switching

Repeated buying and selling of similar securities, and switching between products (such as mutual fund share classes or annuities) that generated fresh commissions without a legitimate purpose.

Proving & Recovering

From the trade blotter to the award.

Churning claims are quantitative. The proof is built from the account's own records, and recovery reflects both the losses and the excessive costs the trading generated.

i.

The trade history

Every purchase and sale, with dates, amounts, and costs, reconstructed into turnover and cost-to-equity figures that a panel or court can evaluate.

ii.

The customer profile

The stated objectives, risk tolerance, and time horizon that make the trading activity excessive relative to the customer — the same records the firm created at account opening.

iii.

Firm supervision

Broker-dealers are required to monitor for excessive trading; a failure to act on active-account and commission alerts supports a parallel failure-to-supervise claim under FINRA Rule 3110.

iv.

Damages

Recovery can include trading losses, the commissions and costs generated by the excessive activity, and, where the conduct warrants it, additional relief.

Frequently Asked

Common questions about this claim.

What is churning?
Churning is excessive trading in a customer's account by a broker who controls the account, carried out to generate commissions rather than to serve the customer's interest. It violates FINRA rules and the antifraud provisions of the securities laws, and it is proven using objective measures of trading activity.
How is excessive trading measured?
Primarily through two metrics: the annualized turnover rate, which measures how many times the account's value was traded in a year, and the cost-to-equity ratio, which measures how much the account had to earn just to cover the costs of the trading. Certain levels have long been treated as presumptively excessive.
Do I have to prove the broker intended to churn my account?
The claim generally requires intent or reckless disregard of the customer's interest, but that is usually established from the pattern itself — the turnover, the costs, and the mismatch with the customer's objectives — rather than from a confession. Broker control of the account is also an element.
What can I recover in a churning case?
Recovery can include the losses caused by the trading and the excessive commissions and costs it generated. Because the firm is required to supervise for excessive trading, a failure-to-supervise claim against the broker-dealer often accompanies the churning claim.
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Florida-based, available nationally for court, AAA, and FINRA matters across the United States.

Useful information for first contact
  • The advisory firm, private bank, or broker-dealer involved
  • The approximate time period of the conduct
  • The nature of the relationship (advisory, trust, brokerage, hybrid)
  • The investments at issue and approximate loss
  • Whether any complaint, claim, or regulatory inquiry has already been filed

Or reach us directly at rafael@recaldelaw.com · (305) 792-9100